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Chronology
c.790 Irish monks settle Iceland.
874 Norse seamen reach Iceland.
877 Gunnbjorn
sights Greenland.
982 Erik
the Red visits Greenland in preparation for establishing a colony.
986 Bjarni
Herjolfson sights North America while sailing to Greenland.
c. 1000 Leif
Ericsson sails to North America.
c. 1003-1006 Thorfinn
Karlsefni attempts to colonize North America.
1016 Pisa
conquers Sardinia from the Moors.
1060-1091 Norman
conquest of Sicily from the Moors.
1085 Alfonso
VI of Castille captures Toledo from the Moors.
1087 Genoa
and Pisa conquer Al Madhihaya.
1095 Beginning
of the First Crusade.
1147 Afonso
Henriques of Portugal captures Lisbon from the Moors.
1204 Fourth
Crusade conquers Constantinople.
1212 Iberian
Christians defeat the Moors of Spain at Las Navas de Tolosa.
1227 Death
of Genghiz Khan.
1229-1235 Aragonese
capture the Balearic Islands from the Moors.
1236 Castilians
capture Cordoba from the Moors.
1237 Mongol
conquest of Russia largely complete.
1237-1242 Batu
Khan and Mongol armies raid Eastern
Europe.
1245-1247 John
of Plano Carpini’s journeys to the Mongols as an emissary of the pope.
1248 Castilians
capture Seville from the Moors.
1249 Portuguese
make their final conquests from the Moors.
1253 Genoese
traders settle at Safi in Morocco.
1253-1255 William
of Rubruck visits Mongol capital of Karakorum as an emissary of Louis XII of
France.
1258 Mongols
capture Baghdad and destroy Abbasid Caliphate.
1260-1269 Nicolo
and Maffeo Polo travel to China.
1271-1295 Marco
Polo’s travels in China.
1287 Rabban
Bar Sauma travels to the West as an ambassador for Arghun Khan of Persia.
1289-1328 John
of Monte Corvino’s mission to China.
1291 Mameluke
Turks capture Acre, the last Crusader stronghold in Palestine.
Vivaldi
brothers of Genoa attempt to sail to India either by circumnavigating Africa or
crossing the Atlantic.
1312? Lanzarote
Marocello discovers Canary Islands and claims them for Genoa.
1322-1330 Odoric
of Pordenone travels to India and China.
1338-1353 John
of Marignolli travels to Peking during the final days of the Mongol dynasty in
China.
1339 The
Map of Angelino Dulcert first depicted the island of Lanzarote in the Canaries.
1341 Joint
Genoese-Portuguese expedition to the Canary Islands.
1415 Portuguese
capture Ceuta in North Africa.
1415-33 Various
Portuguese voyages down the African coast to just short of Cape Bojador.
1419-1425(?) Discovery
or rediscovery of Madeira and the start of settlements by the Portuguese.
1424 or 1425 Unsuccessful
Portuguese expedition of Fernando de
Castro to the Canaries.
1427 Discovery
or rediscovery of the Azores by Diogo de Silves (or Sines).
1431 or 1432 Domestic
animals introduced to the Azores.
1435 Gil
Eanes manages to sail past Cape Bojador.
1440 Portuguese
expedition to the Canaries.
1441 or 1442 Antao
Goncalves takes the first captives at the Rio de Ouro.
1441 Nuno
Tristao reachs Cape Blanco.
1444 Dinis
Dias reachs Cape Verde.
1448 or
before Supposed Portuguese sighting of
South America which is said to appear on the Bianco Map of 1448.
1451 Birth
of Columbus.
1452 Diogo
de Teive discovers Flores and Corvo in the Azores. Other voyages sail to the northwest and southwest of the Azores
without any results.
1456 Second
voyage of Cadamosto and the sighting of the Cape Verde Islands.
1460 Death
of Prince Henry the Navigator.
1465 Probable
date of Columbus's first sea voyage.
1469 Marriage
of Ferdinand and Isabella.
1472-74 Supposed
voyage of Joao Vaz Corte-Real and Alvaro Martins Homen to America.
1472-1475 Fernando
Po reaches the island named after him.
1473 Lopo
Gonçalves crosses the equator.
1473-1481 Supposed
voyage of Pining, Pothhorst, or Skolp to Greenland.
1474 Expedition
of Gioffredo Spinola to Chios which may have included Columbus.
June
25 Letter
of Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli to King Afonso V of Portugal on the topic of a
westward voyage.
1474-1476 Fernao
Teles unsuccessfully searches the western Atlantic for unknown islands.
1475 Second
expedition of Gioffredo Spinola to Chios which may have included Columbus.
May 31 Columbus
sails on Genoese convoy from Noli to Flanders.
Aug.
13 Pirates
attack the convoy about at Cape St. Vincent on the coast of Portugal. The ship containing Columbus is sunk and he
swims to shore and took up residence among the Genoese colony in Lisbon.
1477 Columbus
serves on a voyage to Iceland and Ireland.
summer Columbus
sails to Madiera to purchase sugar as an agent of the Centurione Bank.
1479 Treaty
of Alcacovas
late
in year Marriage
of Columbus to Dona Felipa Perestrello.
1480 Birth
of Diego, the eldest son of Christopher Columbus by his wife Dona Felipa
Perestrello, on the island of Porto Santo, Madiera.
1481 Papal
Bull Aeterni regis recognizes Portuguese discoveries in West Africa.
No
later than 1481 Columbus corresponded with Paulo del Pozzo Toscanelli.
late
in year Portuguese
expedition to build the castle of Sao Jorge de Mina on the Guinea coast.
May Death
of Toscanelli.
1482-1483 Possible
dates of Columbus's voyage to El Mina in Guinea.
1482-1484 Voyage
of Diogo Cao to Cape Santa Maria well below the equator.
1483-1484 Another
set of possible dates for Columbus's voyage to El Mina, Guinea.
1484 Supposed
discovery the Antilles by the Portuguese Antonio Leme.
late
year Columbus
presents his Enterprise of the Indies to King João II of Portugal.
João
II declines to pursue the project but maintains cordial
relations
with Columbus.
mid-year Columbus and
his son Diego leave Lisbon for Palos. Second
voyage of Diogo Cao reachs Walvis Bay.
1486 Planning
of a voyage into the western Atlantic by Fernao Dulmo and Afonso do Estreito
which may not have taken place.
Jan. 20 Columbus
arrives at Cordova. He probably meets
Beatriz Enriquez de Harana soon after.
Columbus makes contact with his patron Medina Celi.
c.
May 1 Columbus
first presents his plan for sailing west to Fernando and Isabel.
Early
summer First
meeting of the Talavera Commission.
March 1 Voyage
of Fernando Dulmo.
May 5 Columbus
definitely appears on the royal payroll of Spain.
Aug. Bartolemeu
Dias sails for southern Africa.
Aug. 18 Malaga
surrenders to Fernando and Isabel.
1488 Columbus
writes to João II attempting to interest him for a second time in a western
voyage to Cathay.
Jan. Bartolemeu
Dias discovers Cape of Good Hope.
March
20 João II
replies to Columbus and invites him to return to Portugal.
June Columbus
disappears from the royal payroll. Returns to Portugal for about two years.
Late
summer Birth
of Columbus's son Ferdinand by Beatriz de Harana.
Dec. Bartolemeu
Dias returns from discovering the Cape of Good Hope. Columbus in Lisbon at this
time.
1490 Columbus
returns to Spain.
Late
in the year Talavera
Commission renders unfavorable verdict on the plan of Columbus.
Summer Columbus
visits La Rabida and plans to move to France.
Aug.
or after Columbus
has new audience with Isabella thanks to Fray Juan Perez. The plan is once more turned over to a
commission for study.
Jan. 2 Fall
of Granada.
Jan. Columbus informed his plan has been
rejected, he begins to travel to France when Isabella changes her mind and he
is called back.
Apr. 17 Capitulations
or Articles of Agreement regarding Columbus's voyage.
Apr. 30 Titulo
or Commission of Columbus, letters of credence to foreign potentates, and
orders for the outfitting of his fleet.
May 12 Columbus
leaves Granada for Palos.
May 22 Columbus
arrives at Palos to begin the preparations for his First Voyage.
Aug.
3 Fleet
of Columbus departs Palos.
Aug.
9 Columbus
sights Canary Islands.
Sept.
6 Columbus
departs Canary Islands for the Indies.
Sept.
25 First
false sighting of land by the Pinta.
Oct. 1 Crew
starts to seriously grumble about turning back.
Oct.
2-3 Petrels
sighted, renewing hopes that land is near and calming the crew.
Oct. 7 Second
false sighting of land by the Nina.
Oct. 10 Crew
on the verge of mutiny and Columbus is barely able to persuade them to
continue.
Oct.
11 Columbus
makes a false sighting of light at 10:00 PM.
Oct.
12 True
sighting of land at 2:00 AM. Landing
and first encounter with the natives takes place later the next day. Followed
by several days of sailing among the islands of the Bahamas.
Oct.
27 Mountains
of Cuba sighted.
Oct.
28 Landing
on Cuba followed by several weeks of cruising the northern Cuban cost.
Dec. 6 Sighting
of and landing on Haiti by Columbus.
Dec.
25 Wreck
of the Santa Maria.
Dec.
26 Decision
to found the settlement of Navidad.
Jan. 4 Columbus
departs from Navidad on the Nina.
Jan. 6 Columbus
is rejoined by Martin Pinzon and the missing Pinta.
Jan.
13 Encounter
with Indians armed with bows and arrows at Samana Bay.
Jan.
16 Departure
for Spain.
Feb.
14 Columbus
sights the Azores.
Feb.
26-Mar. 3 Terrible
storm descends on the Nina.
Mar.
3 Portuguese
coastline is sighted.
Mar.
4 Columbus
lands at Lisbon.
Mar.
9 Meeting
with John II takes place.
Mar.
13 Columbus
sails from Lisbon for Palos.
Mar.
15 Columbus
arrives at Palos.
Mar.
31 Columbus
enters Seville to await summons of Fernando and Isabel.
c.
Apr. 7 The
summons of Fernando and Isabel arrives.
Apr.
21 The
audience of Columbus with Fernando and Isabel takes place at the Alcazar in
Barcelona.
Apr.
29 Columbus
Letter is printed in a Latin translation at Rome.
May 3 Papal
Bull of Inter caetera I is issued by Alexander VI.
May
20 Fernando
and Isabel confer the right to bear arms or nobility (possession of a coat of
arms was a sign of nobility) on Columbus.
They also appoint Columbus captain-general of the new fleet preparing to
sail west.
May
29 Fernando
and Isabel issue formal instructions for establishing a settlement in the newly
discovered lands.
June
19 Papal
Bulls Eximiae devotionis and Inter caetera II, which establishes
the first line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal, are issued by
Alexander VI.
Sept.
25 Beginning
of Columbus's second voyage to the New World.
Sept.
26 Papal
Bull Dudum siquidem moves the line of demarcation eastward in Spain's
favor.
Nov. 3 Arrival
of Columbus's fleet at Dominica in the West Indies.
Nov.
14 Columbus
lands at St. Croix and has the first fight with natives of the New World, the
Carib inhabitants of the island.
Nov.
22 Coastline
of Haiti sighted.
Nov.
27 Fleet
arrives during the night off the coast where Navidad was located but finds no
signs of life although natives are encountered.
Nov.
28 Navidad
is found destroyed.
Jan. 2 Settlement
of Isabela founded.
Jan. 6 First
mass celebrated in the New World. Expedition to find the gold mines of Cibao
leaves for the interior under the command of Alonso de Hojeda.
Jan.
21 Hojeda
returns having found a small quantity of gold.
Feb. Columbus
prepares memorandum suggesting the enslavement of the Caribs.
Feb. 2 Twelve
ships under the command of Antonio de Torres are sent back to Spain.
Apr. 9 Second
expedition of Hojeda leaves Isabela.
Hojeda punishes some Indians for stealing and Columbus supports him by
first condemning them to death but then relents. Relations with Indians begin
to worsen.
Apr.
24 Columbus
departs by sea with three caravals for further exploration.
Apr.
30 Columbus
begins to explore the southern coast of Cuba.
Late
April- Early May Bartholemew
Columbus sails from Spain with supplies for his brother and the settlers.
May 3 Columbus
sails south for Jamaica.
May 5 Jamaica
reached but the natives prove hostile.
May
13 Fleet
sails from Jamaica for Cuba.
May
14 Fleet
arrives at Cuba and sails west.
June 7 Treaty
of Tordesillas establishs a more westward line of demarcation between the lands
of Spain and the lands of Portugal.
June
13 Reaching
Bahia Cortes, Columbus is convinced that southern Cuba is the coastline of the
Chinese province of Mangi. He has his
crew sign a declaration to that effect
and then sails back to Hispaniola.
July
21 Columbus
sails again from Cuba to Jamaica and explores the southern coast of Jamaica.
Aug. Hurricane
passes by Columbus.
Sept.
29 Arrival
at Isabela and Columbus is reunited with his brother Bartholemew.
Feb. 24 Antonio
de Torres sails from Isabela for Spain carrying a cargo of Indian slaves.
Late
Feb.-Early Mar. Cacique
Guatiguana gathers a native army to destroy the Spanish.
Mar. 27 Columbus
marches his army out and defeats the natives.
May-Mar. The Spanish
under Columbus subdue the natives of Hispaniola. Original native population of 300,000 declined by a third by 1496.
It declines further to 60,000 in 1508 and a mere 500 in 1548.
June An
early hurricane destroys Columbus's ships.
Oct. Fleet under
Juan Aguado arrives from Spain with orders to investigate the conduct of
Columbus. Hurricane passes through the
area.
Mar. 10 Columbus
sails for Spain leaving orders to move the main settlement from Isabela to the
site of present-day Santo Domingo.
Columbus also chooses a poor route to Spain which is plagued by contrary
winds.
May 20 Columbus
reduces rations since the return voyage is going so slow.
June 8 Coastline
of Portugal is sighted.
June 11 Fleet
arrives at Cadiz.
Sept. 21 Baptism
of the first Native American of Hispaniola.
John
Cabot makes an abortive voyage from Bristol but his fearful crew forces him to
return before reaching land.
Apr. 23 Fernando
and Isabel issue definite orders for Columbus to prepare a third voyage of
discovery.
May John
Cabot departs from Bristol seeking the northwest coast of Asia.
June 24 Cabot
sights land, probably the coastline of Labrador or Newfoundland.
July 8 Vasco
da Gama sails for India.
August
10 Cabot
returns to Bristol on or before this date.
May John
Cabot departs on his second voyage across the Atlantic. He is never seen again. Spanish sources
indicate that he or his crew sailed down the eastern coast of North American
and eventually reached the northern
coast of South America.
May 18 Vasco
da Gama reaches India.
May 30 Columbus
leaves Seville on his Third Voyage.
July 4 Columbus
departs from the Cape Verdes for the New World.
July 31 Mountains
of Trinidad sighted.
Aug. 1 Landing
on Trinidad for water. Mainland of
South America sighted.
Aug. 5 Columbus
lands on the South American mainland at Ensenada Yacua, the first European
landing on the mainland.
Aug. 13 Columbus
sails out of the Gulf of Paria into the Caribbean.
Aug. 19 Hispaniola
sighted.
Aug. 22-31 Columbus
sails to Santo Domingo.
May
18 First
voyage of Amerigo Vespucci to South America with Alonso de Ojeda and Juan de la
Cosa under the Spanish flag. Returns June 1500.
July First
of Vasco da Gama's ships returns from India.
Mar.
9 Pedro
Cabral’s fleet departs Portugal for India.
Apr. 22 Pedro
Cabral discovers Brazil for Portugal.
Aug. 23 Arrival
of Francisco de Bobadilla at Hispaniola to serve as royal commissioner and
investigate the condition of the settlement.
Mid-Sept. Cabral reaches
Calicut.
Oct. Columbus
sent back to Spain in chains with his brothers.
End
of Oct. Columbus
arrives in Spain.
Dec. 12 Ferdinand
and Isabella order the release of Columbus.
Dec. 17 Columbus
and his brothers present themselves to Ferdinand and Isabella at Alhambra in
Granada.
Jan.
31 Cabral’s
fleet departs Cannanore for Portugal.
May
13 Second
voyage of Amerigo Vespucci to South America under the Portuguese flag. Returns
July 1502.
June
23 Cabral
returns to Lisbon.
Sept. 3 Appointment
of Don Nicholas de Ovando as governor of the Indies.
Feb.
10 Vasco
da Gama leave Portugal on his second voyage to India.
Feb. 13 Ovando
and his fleet sail from Cadiz for the Indies.
Feb. 26 Columbus
submits a formal proposal for a Fourth Voyage of Discovery to Fernando and
Isabel.
Mar. 14 The
Monarchs authorize the Fourth Voyage of which the primary purpose is to find a
strait to the East Indies. They provide Columbus with a letter of introduction
to Vasco da Gama.
May 11 Columbus
departs from Seville on his fourth voyage to America.
May 25 Columbus
begins the ocean crossing from Grand Canary.
June 15 Arrival
at Martinique.
June 29 Columbus
calls at Santo Domingo to warn Governor Ovando of an approaching hurricane.
June 30 Hurricane
strikes and destroys most of Ovando's fleet.
July 14 Columbus
leaves Hispaniola to begin his new explorations.
July 30 Columbus
sights Bonacca Island off the coast of Honduras.
Oct.
3 Gama’s
fleet destroys the Miri in the
Indian Ocean.
Oct. 6-16 Columbus’s
Fleet stays at Chiriqui Lagoon. There
the natives inform the Spanish that the region is part of an isthmus leading the
Spanish to conclude that they are close to the Golden Chersonese.
Oct. 17 Columbus
sails south again and reaches the gold producing region of Veragua.
Oct.
18 Gama
arrives at Cannanore.
Nov.
10-23 Columbus
reaches the future site of Nombre de Dios.
Jan.
3-6 Columbus
sails to Belen River. Its natural
harbor provides a good base for the
exploration of Veragua and trade with the local Guaymi Indians.
Late
Feb. Columbus
begins construction of a permanent settlement and the Indians become
increasingly hostile.
Late
Feb. to Early Mar. Gama sails
from Cochin for Portugal.
Apr.
6 Columbus
Fleet prepares to sail off when the Indians unsuccessfully attack the Spanish
settlement. The Indians manage to
ambush Diego Tristan, captain of the Capitana while he was attempting to
take on fresh water and kill him and his crew.
Apr. 16 Columbus
abandons his settlement in the face of opposition from the local tribes.
May 1 Columbus
sails northward from the Gulf of Darien.
May 12 Columbus
reaches Cuba and is hit by storms.
June 23 Columbus
heads for Jamaica and reaches Puerto Bueno (Dry Harbor).
June 25 Columbus
beaches his worm-eaten ships at Puerto Santa Gloria (St. Ann's Bay). Columbus and his men are marooned on Jamaica
until 29 June 1504.
July 8 Diego
Mendez makes a canoe trip across the open water for three days to reach Cuba
and Hispaniola in an attempt to get help for Columbus and his men on Jamaica.
Aug. Mendez
reaches Governor Ovando and asks him to rescue Columbus on Jamaica. But Ovando does nothing for months.
Oct.
11 Vasco
da Gama returns to Portugal ending his second voyage to India.
Jan. 2 Porras
brothers mutiny against Columbus and leave for Hispaniola. They fail and return to Jamaica.
Feb. 29 Columbus
uses an eclipse of the Moon to frighten the Indians into continuing to supply
the Spanish with food.
March
24 Francisco
de Almeida, the first viceroy of India, departs from Portugal for India.
May 19 Battle
on Jamaica between followers of Columbus and those of the Porras brothers.
Columbus is victorious.
June 29 Mendez
sends ships to rescue Columbus on Jamaica.
Aug. 13 Columbus
reachs Santo Domingo.
Sept.
12 Columbus
sails for Spain.
Nov. 7 Columbus
arrives at Sanlucar de Barrameda.
Nov. 26 DEATH
OF QUEEN ISABEL.
1505 Portuguese
discover Madagascar.
Jan. 1 Columbus
decides to give up his efforts to regain the governorship of Hispaniola.
May Columbus
has an unsuccessful audience with King Fernando at Segovia.
May 19 Columbus
makes his last will and testament.
May 20 Death
of Columbus.
1507 Afonso
de Albuquerque captures Hormuz but is unable to hold it.
1508 Ponce
de Leon conquers Puerto Rico.
Mameluke-Gujarati alliance against the
Portuguese in the Indian Ocean.
Feb.
3 Battle
of Diu.
March-Nov. Albuquerque
captures and defends Goa.
1511 Diego
de Velázquez conquers Cuba.
July Albuquerque
captures Malacca.
Albuquerque
sends Francisco de Serrao to visit the Moluccas.
1513 Albuquerque
besieges Aden but fails to capture it.
Sept.
25 Balboa
discovers the Pacific Ocean.
1515 Albuquerque
captures Hormuz.
Dec.
15 Death
of Albuquerque.
1517 Expedition
of Francisco de Cordoba to the Yucatan.
1518 Expedition
of Juan de Grijalva to the Yucatan and Mexico.
Portuguese
establish a fortress/factory on Ceylon.
1519 Foundation
of Panama.
Feb.
18 Cortes
sails from Santiago, Cuba for the Yucatan.
Sept.
20 Magellan
begins his voyage of circumnavigation by sailing from Sanlucar de Barrameda.
Nov.
8 Cortes
meets Montezuma outside of Tenochtitlan.
June
30 Death
of Montezuma.
July
1 La
Noche Triste, Cortes flees from Tenochtitlan.
Oct.
21 Magellan’s
fleet enters the Straits of Magellan.
Nov.
27 Magellan
enters the Pacific Ocean.
March
6 Magellan
reaches Guam.
April
27 Magellan
killed on Mactan Island.
Aug.
13 Tenochtitlan
surrenders to Cortes.
1522 Voyage
of Pascual de Andagoya down the Pacific coast of South America.
Sept.
6 Sebastian
Elcano completes Magellan’s circumnavigation and reaches Sanlucar de Barrameda.
April
9 Vasco
da Gama sails to India on his third voyage.
Early
Sept. Gama
arrives in India.
Dec.
24 Death
of Gama in India.
Nov.
to 1525 Pizarro’s
first voyage in search of Peru.
1526-1528 Pizarro’s
second voyage in search of Peru.
March
27 Charles
V grants the Welser bankers a patent to settle in Venezuela.
Dec.
27 Pizarro’s
third voyage to Peru begins.
May
16 Pizarro
marches from Tumbez seeking Atahualpa.
Nov.
16 Spanish
capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca.
July
26 Execution
of Atahualpa.
Nov.
13 Pizarro
occupies Cuzco.
1534 Portuguese
build fortress at Diu.
Jacques
Cartier’s first voyage to North America.
1535-1536 Jacques
Cartier’s second voyage to North America.
1535-1537 Revolt
of Manco Inca.
1536-1537 Gonzalo
Jiménez de Quesada explores and conquers Columbia and the Chibchas.
1538 Ottomans capture Aden.
July
8 Hernando
Pizarro executed Diego Almagro.
May
18 Hernando
de Soto departs Cuba to explore and conquer La Florida.
Feb.
Beginning
of Francisco de Coronado’s expedition into the lands north of Mexico.
1541-1543 Third
voyage of Cartier to North America and the voyage of Roberval.
Feb.
Gonzalo
Pizarro begins his expedition to search for the Land of Cinnamon and El Dorado.
May
8 Soto
discovers the inland Mississippi River.
July
26 Almagrists
assassinate Francisco Pizarro.
Dec.
26 Francisco
de Orellana separates from Gonzalo Pizarro and begins his trip down the Napo
River to the Amazon.
Spring Coronado
expedition returns to Mexico.
May
21 Death
of Soto in Arkansas.
Aug.
26 Orellana
sails from the mouth of the Amazon River into the Atlantic Ocean.
Sept.
10 Survivors
of Soto expedition reach Panuco, Mexico.
1562 Jean
Ribaut attempts first French settlement at Port Royal.
John
Hawkins’ first slaving expedition to the West Indies.
1564 Second
French attempt to establish at North American settlement at St. John’s River.
John
Hawkins’ second slaving expedition to the West Indies.
1565 Spanish
forces attack and destroy the French settlements in the Florida region.
Oct.
2 John
Hawkins leave Plymouth on his third slaving voyage to the West Indies.
Sept.
23 Battle
at San Juan de Ulua between the English of John Hawkins and the Spanish.
June
24 Spanish
forces capture Vilcabamba.
Dec.
13 Drake
departs Plymouth on his voyage of circumnavigation.
Sept.
26 Drake
returns to Plymouth after sailing around the world.
1584-1590 Sir
Walter Ralegh’s Roanoke Colony.
May-June Ralegh’s first
voyage to Guiana.
1617-1618 Ralegh’s
second voyage to Guiana.