June 9, 2005
Chapter 5.
Development
of the Sound System
Chapter Five
Fact Formulators
Data Stamp
Leia Jackson
Tuesday, June 7, 2005 11:39am
* Every language is made up of a limited number of sounds, the
building blocks of language, which are called phonemes.
* The main difference between consonants and vowels is that for
vowels there is never a closure in the mouth and for consonants
there is.
* Distinctive features provide an economical way to describe and
compare sounds.
* The first distinction the child makes is usually between vowel and
consonant.
* When a word the child is trying to say has more than one
consonant, all consonants except one are likely to be eliminated or
substituted by another consonant in the word.
* Putting sounds together is not the same as saying sounds in
isolation.
* Babbling is distinguished from cooing by the degree to which the
babbles sound like the syllables of words.
* There is a period of silence in most children between the time at
which they stop babbling and the time at which they begin to speak.
Chapter Five
Word Wizards
Data Stamp
Brooke E. Parker
Tuesday, June 7, 2005 10:34 pm
Phonemes- The smallest sound segments in language that signal change in meaning.
Bilabial- Sounds made with the lips. /p/ /b/
Labiodental- Sounds made by contact between the lower lip and upper teeth. /f/ /v/
Dental- Sounds made with the tongue and the teeth. /th/
Alveolar- Sounds made with the tongue and the alveolar ridge, the part of mouth behind the top teeth. /t/ /d/
Palatal- Sounds made by raising the tongue toward the palate, or roof of mouth (initial sounds in "yes" and "yellow').
Velar- Sounds made by contact between the back of tounge and the velum. /k/ /g/.
Glottal- Sounds are made only with vocal cords (initial sounds in "happy" and "hollow").
Stop- Sounds made by closing off the flow of air completely then releasing it.
Fricative- Sounds are made by narrowing the opening of the mouth so that the flow of air is not entirely blocked, but is obstructed.
Affricates- Sounds are made by cutting off the air flow completely, as in a stop, then releasing through a very small opening as in a fricative.
Nasals- Classified according to where the closure of the mouth occurs.
Liquids- Much like vowels in that no closure occurs.
Glides/Semivowels- no closure occurs.
Suprasegmental characteristics- pitch and stress.
Pitch- tonal quality in a musical sense.
Stress- relates importance of a word or syllable.
Data Stamp
Cassandra Y. Deaton
Wednesday, June 8, 2005 10:49 pm
1. Phonemes: the sounds used to make words
2. Distinctive Feature Analysis: the description of a sound in terms of all the articulatory features
3. Differentiation: the process of discovering the distinctive feature of the phonemic system of the language
4. Assimilation: a change in one sound to make it more like another
5. Segmental Phonology: segmenting the speech stream into phonemes
6. Suprasegmental: pitch and stress
7. Pitch: refers to the tonal quality of speech in roughly a musical sense
8. Stress: indicates emphasis, the relative importance of a word or syllable
9. Paralanguage: nonverbal features such as gestures and facial expressions
Data Stamp
Blaire E. Woodward
Thursday, June 9, 2005 11:23 pm
Phonemes: The sounds used to make words.
Place of Articulation: Where the consonants are produced.
Manner of Articulation: The way the consonants are produced using air.
Bilabial Sounds: Sounds made with the lips.
Labiodental Sounds: Sounds made by contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Palatal Sounds: Sounds made by raising the tongue toward the palate.
Velar Sounds: Sounds made by contact between the back of the tongue and the velum.
Glottal Sounds: Sounds made only with the vocal cords.
Stop Sounds: Sounds made by closing off the flow of air completely, then releasing it.
Fricative Sounds: Sounds made by narrowing the opening of the mouth so that the flow of air is not entirely blocked, but is obstructed.
Affricative Sounds: Consonant sounds that combine the properties of stops and fricatives.
Nasals: Sounds made by closing the mouth at some point and allowing air to escape through the nose.
Liquids and Glides (Semivowels): Consonants that are much like vowels in that no closure in the mouth occurs.
Distinctive Feature Analysis: The description of a sound in terms of all the articulatory features above.
Aspiratated Sound: A sound that is accompanied by a puff of air.
Unaspirated Sound: A sound that is not accompanied by a puff of air.
Distinctive: Features that distiguishing one phoneme from another.
Nondistinctive: Similarities of one phoneme to another.
Differentiation: A process of learning the phonemic system of language by discovering distictive features.
Assimilation: The change in one sound to make it more like another.
Segmental Phonology: The sounds a child makes and what can be determined by segmenting the speech stream into phonemes.
Pitch: the tonal quality of speech in roughly musical sense.
Stress: Indicates emphasis or relative importance of a word.
Paralanguage: Suprasegmental phonemes and some other sounds that are not words such as laughter, crying, sighs, and whines.
Chapter Five
Cyber Citer Summarizers
Data Stamp
Kelli C. Jones
Sunday, June 5, 2005 10:39pm
The main idea for chapter five was about word formation and the sound system. Phonemes are the sounds that make up words in speech. Place of articulation and manner of articulation are expressed as where the consonants are made in the mouth and how those sounds are made. (Vowels are classified according to the position and height of the tongue). These places of articulation are used to describe and compare sounds, which is also called distinctive feature analysis. An example is voicing and respiration. The terms for the place and manner of articulation for consonants are bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, glottal, stop, fricative, and affricative, glides, and nasals. Differentiation does not begin until sounds are used meaningfully. Differentiation for learning these sounds (vowels and consonants) is universal. Rate of acquisition is less important than order of acquisition. Children's first words are usually one-consonant forms and seldom use more than one consonant in any individual word. Suprasegmental phonology refers to pitch and stress of words and the nonverbal features and gestures of communication. Babbling has little effect on later differentiation of phonemes and is similar across languages. Babbling assists in combining vowels and syllables. Common mistakes that children make when learning to speak is not due to their lack of knowledge, but rather a lack of skills.
Data Stamp
Zane J. Graham
Wednesday, June 8, 2005 9:50 pm
Phonemes
The sounds used to make words are called phonemes. There are approximately 43 sounds that make up all the words used in English.
Place and Manner of Articulation
The easiest way to classify sounds is by how and where they are articulated. For the sound of the letter "p", the place of articulation is the lips and the manner of articulation is to stop air and then release it. There are 7 places of articulation; bilabial, sounds are made with the lips, labiodental, sounds are made with contact between lower lip and upper teeth, dental, sounds are made with tongue and teeth, alveolar, sounds are made with teeth and alveolar ridge located behind the top teeth, palatal, sounds are made by raising the tongue to roof of mouth, velar, sounds made by tongue touching the velum, and glottal, sounds made by only using the vocal chords. (Vowel sounds are classified according to the position and height of the tongue in the mouth.)
Distinctive Features
Distinctive feature analysis provide an economical way to describe and compare sounds.
Sound Aquisition
Phoneme differentiation does not begin until sounds are used meaningfully in words. The first distinction a child makes is usually between vowel and consonant. Normal children vary in rate of acquisition, but order of learning of certain contrasts seems to be the same.
Early Word Formation
Childrens' first words are one consonant forms and the kinds of mistakes they make with their first words are described as systematically. Putting sounds together is not the same as saying sounds in isolation, and children must learn which sounds to use and how to put them together before it can be said that they have learned the sound system of a language.
Suprasegmental Phonology
Segmental phonology is the sounds the child makes and what can be determined by segmenting the speech stream into phonemes. The other level of the sound system has suprasegmental characteristics such as pitch and stress. Some authors classify most suprasegmental as paralanguage. This includes suprasegmental phonemes and some other sounds that are not words, such as laughter, crying, sighs, and whines.
Babbling
The first sounds to be babbled are not the first sounds to occur in words. The child cannot put all the babbled sounds into words. In most children there is a period of silence between when they stop babbling and when they begin to speak. Children do not need to babble in order to speak. The role of babbling is still unclear.
Chapter Five
Quiz Questors
Data Stamp
Jennifer Lovette
Tuesday, June 7, 2005 8:17pm
1. _______ are sounds used to make language.
*Phonemes
2. One place of articulation is the ____.
*any of the seven possible places of articulation
3. The change in one sound to make it more like another is the process of _____.
*assimilation
4. Pitch is the tonal quality of _______.
*speech
5. Around ________ months babbling becomes the object of play.
*10-12
Data Stamp
Melinda O'Malley
Tuesday, June 7, 2005 9:30pm
Fill in the blank:
1) ____________ are the sounds that are used to make words.
ANSWER: Phonemes
Multiple Choice:
2) An aspirated sounds is one that. . .
- is accompanied by a puff of air
- vibrates the vocal cords
- is made with a whisper
- is distinctive for English speakers
ANSWER: a
3) According to the textbook, paralanguage includes:
- suprasegmental phonemes
- laughter
- crying
- sighs
- a, b, & c
- all of the above
)
ANSWER: f
True/False:
4)Phoneme differentiation does not begin until sounds are used meaningfully- in words.
a) True
b) False
ANSWER: a True
5) In the first month of life, a child is unable to make distinctions between speech sounds
and nonspeech sounds.
a) True
b) False
ANSWER: b False
*This is the next step toward THE One World Language.
Step Sixteen: *Your proper nouns imprisoned by the Sith.
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