Chapter 2.
The Advocates
Jennifer Simmons Cyber Citer
Leah Center Word Wizard
Jessica Walsh Quiz
Marie Blake Fact Formulator
Carlos Zeledon Discussion Director
2-10-02
Section 2
Language Development
Vocabulary for Chapter 2
Arbitrary-
Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle: stopped at the first motel we passed an arbitrary choice.
Based on or subject to individual judgment or preference: The diet imposes overall calorie limits, but daily menus are arbitrary.
Established by a court or judge rather than by a specific law or statute: an arbitrary penalty.
Not limited by law; despotic: the arbitrary rule of a dictator.
Facile-
Done or achieved with little effort or difficulty; easy. Working, acting, or speaking with effortless ease and fluency.
Arrived at without due care, effort, or examination; superficial: proposed a facile solution to a complex problem.
Readily manifested, together with an aura of insincerity and lack of depth: a facile slogan devised by politicians.
Archaic. Pleasingly mild, as in disposition or manner.
Ascendancy-
Superiority or decisive advantage; domination: "Germany only awaits trade revival to gain an immense mercantile ascendancy" (Winston S. Churchill).
Arbitrary-
Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle: stopped at the first motel we passed an arbitrary choice.
Based on or subject to individual judgment or preference: The diet imposes overall calorie limits, but daily menus are arbitrary.
Established by a court or judge rather than by a specific law or statute: an arbitrary penalty.
Not limited by law; despotic: the arbitrary rule of a dictator.
Eloquently-
Characterized by persuasive, powerful discourse: an eloquent speaker; an eloquent sermon.
Vividly or movingly expressive: a look eloquent with compassion.
Quiz Questions
1. The ability to perform a behavior that is transmitted genetically, but also in response to environmental conditions is called_________________ ability.
Answer: Innate- learned
2. What is a linguistic universal?
Answer: Aspects of grammar that appear in all languages.
3. What triggers the innate capacity to learn language?
Answer: The environment
4. The ability to sort reality, which is chaotic and usually without categories except those into which human beings organize it for purposes of interpretation or explanation is:
- Recollection
- Innate Behavior
- Perception
- Categorization
Answer: D
Discussion Director
The ability to use language at such a high level is unique to human beings, though many animals have the capacity to communicate through language.
As a teacher, you are to teach children to talk effectively to benefit society and individuals to facilitate expression and acquisition of language.
Language shapes our reality.
The way a child expresses himself or herself is as important as what he or she perceives. If a child cannot adequately express what he or she perceives then reality will be distorted.
Fact Formulator
Human communications are unique.
They:
-express emotion
-refer to and describe events and objects
-combine sounds into complicated structures
Social learning is important. Young language learners learn to communicate by interacting with others.
-"monkey see, monkey do"
Our brain is especially made to learn language. "It would be hard to prevent a normal child from learning language" (pg 17-18).
Environment Matters:
Most children will learn to speak, but those deprived of nurture and a supportive environment will struggle.
Empiricists: mind is blank at birth.
Rationalists: genetic structure determines that a child will speak- environment makes no difference.
Learning to communicate is a process.
Data Stamp
jsimmon
Thursday, February 10, 2005 8:57 pm
Chapter 2 Group Assignment
The Dynasty
Amber - Cyber Citer
Kerri - Word Wizard
Rebecca - Fact Formulator
Stan - Discussion Director
Tiffany - Quiz Questor
Chapter 2
Vocabulary
- Differentiation - to make different by alteration or modification; or become distinct or specialized; acquire a different character
- Instinctive - Arising from impulse; spontaneous and unthinking
- Emotion - An intense mental state that arises subjectively rather then through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.
- Abstract - Not applied or practical; theoretical
- Symbol - Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention
- Facile - Working, acting, or speaking with effortless ease and fluency
- Articulator - One of the organs of speech, such as the lips, tongue, teeth, and other parts of the mouth
- Innate - Possessed as an essential characteristic; inherent
- Genetic - Of, relating to, or influenced by the origin or development of something
- Empiricist/behaviorist - One who relies on observation and experiment; views that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge
- Rationalist/nativist - Relies on reason as the best guide for belief and action
Facts
- Pg 14- Human Communicators can 1) Express Emotions 2) Refer to and describe events and objects 3) Combine sounds into complicated structures
- Humans could be the only ones who have all three
- Pg 15- Animals obviously communicate with each other. Researchers have questioned whether or not language can be taught to animals. If all attempts fail, then evidence mounts that language is unique to only human beings.
- Pg 19- Almost all children speak. We expect it of them and classify them as abnormal if they fail to do so.
- Pg 19- Aspects of grammar that appear in all languages are called linguistic universals.
- Pg 22- A child really has 2 kinds of biologically endowed abilities that help communicative development 1) an innate capacity 2) strong general learning abilities relative to other animals
- Pg 22- The innate capacity to learn language behavior must be triggered by the environment. (A child will not learn to talk unless there are models form which to learn.)
- Pg 23- Environmental factors can affect the quality of the language learned by the child. A "bad" environment cannot prevent the child from learning to speak if there is some language in the environment.
- Pg 24- When a human comes into contact with events, the human pays attention, perceives, and then conceptualizes.
- Pg 24- When we speak, the sounds we say are really more like giant words than like neatly divided-up written sentences.
- Pg 25- Although human communication abilities are biologically based and genetically transmitted, environment is also important to speech development.
- Pg 25- Destructive environments can harm even genetically determined behavior, and even though children can learn to speak in almost any environment, only in supportive, teaching environments will they learn to read, write, or speak eloquently (well, good).
Quiz Questions
1. What is differentiation?
a. Inside cells and outside cells become less alike
2. What are some things that human communication can do?
a. Express emotion
b. Refer to and describe events and objects
c. Combine sounds into complicated structures
3. The actual shape of the brain is not related
to language.
a. False
4. At what age do children develop a vocabulary of 300-400 words?
a. 24-27 months
5. A child's language development is affected by their environment.
a. True
Data Stamp
anthomp@uark.edu
Friday, February 11, 2005 0:26 am
Reading Group Chapter 2 - section 002
Lactating goats
Facts:
1. The actual shape of the brain is related to language functioning
2. People who are left brain dominant will be right handed.
3. No other species has been found to have brain structure specialized for language the way that the human brain is.
4. Empiricists maintain that at birth the brain is like a blank slate and that only experiences are important to the individual's behavior.
5. Rationalists maintain that genetic structure determines language and that the environment is of little importance.
Words:
1. Differentiation: process in which a human embryo starts out as a single cell, becomes a group of identical cells, and eventually develops into an organism consisting of millions of cells of many varieties.
2. Instinctive: behaviors that are results of heredity.
3. Linguistic Universals: aspect of grammar that appear in all languages.
4. Genetic: change that requires adaptation over several generations.
5. Categorization: is the ability to sort reality
Questions:
1. Empiricists believe that a new born babies mind is____.
- Blank
- Full of all knowledge
- Neither
Answer is A
2. Human communication can_____.
- express emotion
- refer to events/ objects
- combine sounds into structured meanings
- all of the above
Answer is D
3. True of false
Innate behavior remains the same generation after generation.
Answer: True
4. Humans start out as goats.
Answer: False
5. What do humans start out as?
Answer: Zygote
Summary
This chapter talks a lot about heredity and environment. They are both very important parts to a child's language development. Chapter 2 also talks about how humans start as a zygote. And that we are the only animals that have language. There have been studies on trying to teach other animals how to use language and speak but the results were not very good. We decided that learning language is like using building blocks to build a house. One block at a time each block supporting the next block.
Data Stamp
raychil ruth
Friday, February 11, 2005 10:25 am
chapter two
The Insiders
Facts:
- The differentiation of speech and language forms is unique to humans, but many other animals communicate. Comparing human communication with other communication systems in nature reveals further information about child speech as a biological process.
- Humans do not appear to have special neural mechanisms related specifically to language learning and use. These mechanisms are so powerful that it would be difficult to prevent a normal child from learning language.
- First, the actual shape of the brain is related to the language functioning. The back area of the hemisphere appears to be specialized for the tasks of recognition and comprehension of language. The front region controls the planning and execution of speaking or writing tasks.
- Almost all children speak. We expect it of them. We classify humans as abnormal if they fail to do so. We expect children children who are exposed to language to speak regardless of their environment.
- Linguistic Universals:
- All languages recognize a difference between vowels and constants.
- Area of sentence structures
The existence of linguistic universals provides further evidence that people are born with the capacity to learn.
- Environment is an important part of speech development.
- The onset of language behavior in children is synchronized with motor development , and language itself is founded on the basic psychological abilities of attention, perception, and conceptualization.
Definitions:
Zygote- single celled organism
Innovative- characterized by tending to or introducing innovation
Facile- easily accomplished or attained
Cerebral- of or relating to the brain or intellect
Linguistic universal- relating to the universal language
Heredity- the sum of qualities and potentials genetically derived from ones ancestors
Innate- existing in, belonging to, or determined by factors present in an individual from birth
Nativists- a policy of favoring inhabitants as opposed to immigrants
Absurdities- being absurd
Perpetual- involving perception in relation to immediate sensory experiences
Quiz Questions:
1) A child's first sentences are:
- communicative
- descriptive
- gibberish
- explanatory
Answer: B
2) The ability to express emotions, describe objects and events, and combine sounds into complicated structures are abilities that are unique to humans.
True False
Answer: False
3) Researchers, Beatrice and Alan Gardner, were successful at teaching the chimp, Washoe, what form of communication?
- human-like verbal language
- advanced form of chimp language
- using body language effectively
- sign language
Answer: D
4) Aspects of grammar that appear in all languages are called:
- linguistic universals
- universal language
- linguistic similarities
- communication
Answer: A
5) Change that takes place in one animal's lifetime is called ___________.
Answer: learning
6) Heredity and environment contribute to language development.
True False
Answer: True
7) Empiricists believe that the mind is a blank slate at birth and the environment is important to an individual's behavior and development.
True False
Answer: True
8) Which choice is NOT a basic psychological ability of language?
- attention
- perception
- inhibition
- conceptualization
Answer: C
Data Stamp
mmcgee@uark.edu
Friday, February 11, 2005 12:37 pm
"The Insiders"
*This is the next step toward THE One World Language.
Step Sixteen: *Your dangling participle injected with botox.
Planet Gnosis is ruled by Freddie A. Bowles, a professional educator and fellow at the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. An independent entity in the CornDancer consortium of planets, Planet Gnosis is dedicated to the exploration of education and teaching. CornDancer is a developmental website for the mind and spirit maintained by webmistress Freddie A. Bowles of the Planet Earth. Submissions are invited.
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